Conveying clinical reasoning based on visual observation via eye-movement modelling examples     

Halszka Jarodzka  Thomas Balslev  Kenneth Holmqvist  Marcus Nystr?m  Katharina Scheiter  Peter Gerjets  Berit Eika 《Instructional Science》2012,40(5):813-827

Complex perceptual tasks, like clinical reasoning based on visual observations of patients, require not only conceptual knowledge about diagnostic classes but also the skills to visually search for symptoms and interpret these observations. However, medical education so far has focused very little on how visual observation skills can be efficiently conveyed to novices. The current study applied a novel instructional method to teach these skills by showing the learners how an expert model visually searches and interprets symptoms (i.e., eye-movement modelling examples; EMMEs). Case videos of patients were verbally explained by a model (control condition) and presented to students. In the experimental conditions, the participants received a recording of the model’s eye movements superimposed on the case videos. The eye movements were displayed by either highlighting the features the model focused on with a circle (the circle condition) or by blurring the features the model did not focus on (the spotlight condition). Compared to the other two conditions, results show that a spotlight on the case videos better guides the students’ attention towards the relevant features. Moreover, when testing the students’ clinical reasoning skills with videos of new patient cases without any guidance, participants studying EMMEs with a spotlight showed improved their visual search and enhanced interpretation performance of the symptoms in contrast to participants in either the circle or the control condition. These findings show that a spotlight EMME can successfully convey clinical reasoning based on visual observations.  相似文献   

Measuring the effect of charter schools on public school student achievement in an urban environment: Evidence from New York City     

Marcus A. Winters 《Economics of Education Review》2012

This paper uses student level data from New York City to study the relationship between a public school losing enrollment to charter school competitors and the academic achievement of students who remain enrolled in it. Geographic measures most often used to study the effect of school choice policies on public school student achievement are not well suited for densely populated urban environments. I adopt a direct approach and measure charter school exposure as the percentage of a public school's students who exited for a charter school at the end of the previous year. Depending on model specification, I find evidence that students in schools losing more students to charter schools either are unaffected by the competitive pressures of the choice option or benefit mildly in both math and English.  相似文献   

The Watch-and-Wait Task: On the reliability and validity of a new method of assessing self-control in preschool children     

Anna Neubauer  Caterina Gawrilow  Marcus Hasselhorn 《Learning and individual differences》2012,22(6):770-777

A preschooler's ability to delay gratification in the waiting task is predictive of several developmental outcomes, despite this task's relatively low reliability level. Success in this task depends on the use of distraction strategies. The new Watch-and-Wait Task (WWT) has been developed to enhance reliability and to investigate whether the waiting situation is equally predictive if distraction from the reward is inhibited. To prevent distraction in the WWT, children were instructed to watch an hourglass run out during the waiting period. In a reliability analysis (n = 31) the WWT showed acceptable retest reliability. In a second study (n = 61), the time preschoolers spent waiting in the WWT was associated with later academic achievement and behavioral problems diagnosed at the end of grade 1, even after controlling for intelligence, gender and age. Overall, the WWT proved to be a reliable instrument predictive of children's behavioral and academic development.  相似文献   

Influence of academic self-regulation,critical thinking,and age on online graduate students’ academic help-seeking     

Karee E. Dunn  Glenda C. Rakes  Thomas A. Rakes 《Distance Education》2014,35(1):75-89

Academic help-seeking is an invaluable learning strategy that has not yet received much attention in the distance education research literature. The asynchronous nature of distance education and many online courses presents an inherent roadblock to help-seeking. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of academic self-regulation, critical thinking, and age on online graduate students’ help-seeking. Results indicate that these variables did significantly influence help-seeking, and that as self-regulation and critical thinking increased so did help-seeking. However, as age increased, help-seeking decreased. These results and implications for practice are discussed.  相似文献   

Cognitive preconditions of early reading and spelling: a latent-variable approach with longitudinal data     

Anna-Lena Preßler  Tanja Könen  Marcus Hasselhorn  Kristin Krajewski 《Reading and writing》2014,27(2):383-406

The aim of the present study was to empirically disentangle the interdependencies of the impact of nonverbal intelligence, working memory capacities, and phonological processing skills on early reading decoding and spelling within a latent variable approach. In a sample of 127 children, these cognitive preconditions were assessed before the onset of formal education, whereas reading as well as spelling achievement was measured at the end of grade 1. The findings indicate that working memory does contribute to the prediction of early reading and spelling, and that this contribution outperforms that of general intelligence and phonological recoding from long-term memory during the early steps of reading and spelling acquisition. Moreover, the results show that phonological awareness mediates the effects of working memory capacities on early literacy outcomes. The role of working memory and phonological awareness as key cognitive preconditions of early reading and spelling are discussed.  相似文献   

Why Wait? The Influence of Academic Self-Regulation,Intrinsic Motivation,and Statistics Anxiety on Procrastination in Online Statistics     

Karee Dunn 《Innovative Higher Education》2014,39(1):33-44

Online graduate education programs are expanding rapidly. Many of these programs require a statistics course, resulting in an increasing need for online statistics courses. The study reported here grew from experiences teaching online, graduate statistics courses. In seeking answers on how to improve this class, I discovered that research has yet to explore teaching and learning in online statistics courses. The purpose of the study was to ameliorate this gap in the literature by examining the influence of self-regulation, intrinsic motivation, and statistics anxiety on passive procrastination. The set of independent variables explained nearly thirty percent of the variance.  相似文献   

Coming Attractions and Reprints     

John Dunn  Bob Thomas  Mrs. D.W. Griffith 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(5)

John Dunn's The Studio (Bantam, 95¢)

Bob Thomas' Thalberg: Life and Legend (Bantam, $1.25)

Mrs. D.W. Griffith's When the Movies were Young (Dover, $2.50)  相似文献   

Real options theory,flexibility and the media industry     

Marcus Dimpfel  Frank Habann  René Algesheimer 《媒体管理杂志》2013,15(4):261-272

Abstract

This conceptual paper is based on two propositions: 1.) An efficient flexibility management is a critical success factor for media companies. 2.) The concept of real options theory (ROT) aims at improving a company's flexibility management. As a consequence, it is analysed how ROT can contribute to the flexibility management in media companies. In this context, two research issues are investigated. First, it is shown that real options as substantiations of flexibility are of great importance for media companies: In doing so, it is outlined that options which focus on a company's fixed costs management and options which aim at improving a company's sales situation are of high relevance for all segments in the media industry. Contrarily, options which focus on a company's variable costs are only relevant for media companies engaged in the print segment. Second, it is illustrated how ROT can contribute to the reactive and proactive management of flexibility in media companies.  相似文献   

A bibliometric approach demonstrates the impact of a social care data set on research and policy     

Christine Urquhart  Sara Dunn 《Health information and libraries journal》2013,30(4):294-302

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Shaping the Agenda of Local Daily Newspapers: A Methodology Merging the Agenda Setting and Community Structure Perspectives     

Maxwell McCombs  Marcus Funk 《Mass Communication and Society》2013,16(6):905-919

Community structure research investigates the influence of the local community and specific demographic groups in the community on the degree of emphasis that particular public issues receive in a local newspaper. In contrast to this internal source of influence, intermedia agenda setting emphasizes the external influence of other news media and the national journalistic culture on the news decisions of local daily newspapers. To invoke a cliché, the agenda-setting and community structure perspectives are opposite sides of the same coin and should be considered in tandem. The research design and procedure for statistical analysis presented here, which involves the simultaneous investigation of the influence resulting from community structure and intermedia agenda setting, is a path for new research that can present a detailed explication of the balance between local and national influence on the issue agenda of local daily newspapers.  相似文献